Nature and Extent of Flood Risk Downstream of the Kubanni Dam, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Authors

  • Musa Inusa Department of Geography Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State Author
  • Emeribe Chukwudi Nnaemeka National Centre for Energy and Environment, Energy Commission of Nigeria, University of Benin Edo State Author
  • Jeb David Nyomo National Centre for Remote Sensing Jos, Plateau State Author
  • Iguisi Edwin Osawe Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State Author
  • Yusuf Yakubu Obadaki Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State Author
  • Abubakar Ismail Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State Author
  • Muhammad Isma’il Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State Author
  • Abubakar Abdullahi Bichi Department of Geography, Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.1.1

Keywords:

disaster, security, extent, flood risk, downstream, Kubanni Dam, GIS

Abstract

Several communities reside downstream of Kubanni Dam, thereby making them vulnerable to flood. However, the levels of vulnerability, areas, households, and buildings at risk of flooding downstream of Kubanni Dam remain unknown.  This study employed Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to identify areas and buildings at risk in the event of a breach of the Kubanni Dam. Areas liable to flood were delineated using ArcGIS software. Findings from the study revealed that in the event of any flooding due to the breach of the Kubanni Dam, the most affected areas would be Tudun Jukun, with about 2,699 buildings (25%), Gyallesu with about 2,180 (20.2%), Tudun Wada with about 1,851 buildings (17.2%), Hanwa with 984 buildings (9.1%), parts of Sabon Gari with about 918 buildings (8.5%), Zango with about 845 buildings (7.8%) and the Government Reserved Area (GRA) with about 772 buildings representing 7.2% of the total numbers likely to the affected. The results further showed that the Tudun Jukun area, with a population of 38,622, is located in a flood-risk area, followed by Tudun Wada, with a population of 26,487, which is also at risk. It was also found that the PZ area, with 4,997 households and 1,851 houses at risk of flooding, has the highest average number of persons per Hectare (68902.02) at risk of loss in the event of flooding. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS techniques in flood risk and vulnerability analysis as well as its potential in guiding physical planning and flood disaster risk reduction.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Adegboyega, S.A., Onuoha, O.C., Adesuji, K.A., Olajuyigbe, A.E., Olufemi, A.A., and Ibitoye, M.O., (2018), An integrated approach to modelling of flood hazards in the rapidly growing city of Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Space Science International 4(open in a new window)(1(open in a new window)), 1–15. doi: 10.3844/ajssp.2018.1.15

2. Adetunji, M., and Oyeleye, O. (2013). Evaluation of the causes and effects of flooding in Apete, Ido Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research 3(7), 19–26.

3. Aerts, J. C., Botzen, W. J., Clarke, K. C., Cutter, S. L., Hall, J. W., Merz, B., ... & Kunreuther, H. (2018). Integrating human behaviour dynamics into flood disaster risk assessment. Nature Climate Change, 8(3), 193-199.

4. Aladejana, O.O. and Ebijuoworih, E.J. (2024). Flood risk assessment in Kogi State, Nigeria, through the integration of hazard and vulnerability factors. Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:31 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00036-y

5. Asadieh, B., & Krakauer, N. Y. (2017). Global Changes in Streamflow Extremes under Climate Change in the 21st Century. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(11), 5863-5874.

6. Battisti, D.S., and Naylor, R.L (2009) Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science 323(5911):240–244

7. Chinwendu, O.G., Sadiku, S.O.E., Okhimamhe, A.O., and Eichie, J., 2017, Households vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability induced water stress on downstream Kaduna River Basin. American Journal of Climate Change 6(open in a new window)(2(open in a new window)), 247–267. doi: 10.4236/ajcc.2017.62013

8. Cvetković, V. M., Tanasić, J., Ocal, A., Kešetović, Ž., Nikolić, N., & Dragašević, A. (2021). Capacity Development of Local Self-Governments for Disaster Risk Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10406.

9. Cvetkovic, V., & Martinović, J. (2020). Innovative solutions for flood risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 2(2), 71-100.

10. Cvetković, V.M., Roder, G.,Öcal, A., Tarolli, P. and Dragićević, S. (2018). The Role of Gender in Preparedness and Response Behaviors towards Flood Risk in Serbia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15, 2761: 1-21; doi:10.3390/ijerph15122761.

11. Desai, B., Maskrey, A., Peduzzi, P., De Bono, A., & Herold, C., 2015. Making Development Sustainable: The Future of Disaster Risk Management, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:78299

12. Dilley, M. (2005). Natural disaster hotspots: a global risk analysis (Vol. 5). World Bank Publications.

13. Echendu, A.J., 2021, Flooding in Nigeria and Ghana: Opportunities for partnerships in disaster risk reduction. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 18(1), 1–15.

14. Egbinola, C.N., Olaniran, H.D., and Amanambu, A.C., 2017, Flood management in cities of developing countries: The example of Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Flood Risk Management 10(open in a new window)(4(open in a new window)), 546–554. doi: 10.1111/jfr3.12157

15. Eze, J.N., Vogel, C., and Ibrahim, P.A., 2018, Assessment of social vulnerability of households to floods in Niger State, Nigeria. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 84, 22–34. doi: www.scipress.com/ILSHS.84.22

16. Ezenwa, K.O., Iguisi, E.O., Yusuf, Y.O. and Isma’il, M. (2022a). A SCS-CN Technique for Geospatial Estimation of Runoff Peak Discharge in the Kubanni Drainage Basin, Zaria, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 6(1), 314 – 322. Publishers: Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State. ISSN online: 2616-1370.

17. Ezenwa, K.O., Iguisi, E.O., Yusuf, Y.O. and Isma'il, M. (2022b). Application of GIS-based SCS-CN method for Runoff Estimation in the Kubanni Drainage Basin, Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Geospatial Science and Technology, 3(1): 1-12. Publishers: African Regional Institute for Geospatial Information Science and Technology (AFRIGIST), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. ISSN: 2408-6517.

18. Fang, J., Li, M. J., Wang, J. A., & Shi, P. J. (2015). Assessment and mapping of global fluvial flood risk. J. Nat. Disasters, 24(1), 1-8.

19. Gabriel, K., Willems, P. and Orshoven, J.V. (2022). A comparative flood damage and risk impact assessment of land use changes. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 395–410. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-395-2022

20. Hudson, P., Botzen, W. W., & Aerts, J. C. (2019). Flood insurance arrangements in the European Union for future flood risk under climate and socioeconomic change. Global environmental change, 58, 101966.

21. Iftikhar, A. and Iqbal, J. (2023). Factors Responsible for Urban Flooding in Karachi: A Case Study of Dha. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 5(1): DOI: 83-103. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2023.5.1.7

22. IPCC (2018) Global warming of 1.5°C. In: Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pörtner H-O, Roberts D, Skea J, Shukla PR, Pirani A, Moufouma-Okia W, Péan C, Pidcock R, Connors S, Matthews JBR, Chen Y, Zhou X, Gomis MI, Lonnoy E, Maycock T, Tignor M, Waterfield T (eds) An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, p 616. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940

23. Isma’il, M. and Saanyol, I.O. (2013). Application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in flood vulnerability mapping: Case study of River Kaduna. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 3(3), 618-627

24. Isma’il, M. and Ndanusa, Z.A. (2022). Geospatial Data Mining for Flood Risk Management. Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 1(2): 242-251.

25. Lipczynska-Kochany, E. (2018) Effect of climate change on humic substances and associated impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater: a review. Sci Total Environ 640:1548–1565

26. Michel, D., Eriksson, M., and Klimes M (2021). Climate change and (in) security in transboundary river basins Handbook of Security and the Environment: Edward Elgar Publishing

27. Murshed, M. (2020). An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(29):36254–36281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3

28. Ndanusa, Z. A., Musa, I.J., Hudu A.A. and Isma’il, M. (2022). Multi-dimensional Model for Flood Vulnerability Assessment in Mokwa: A Case of Downstream Communities of Kainji Dam, Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Inclusive cities and Built environment, 2(3): 69-86.

29. Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency, 2020, 2020 annual flood outlook. Available online at: https://nihsa.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-NIHSA-Annual-Flood-Outlook-AFO-5-2.pdf(open in a new window) (accessed 05 February 2021).

30. Okon, E.M., Falana, B.M., Solaja, S.O, Yakubu, S,O., Alabi, O.O., Okikiola, B.T., Awe, T.E., Adesina, B.T., Tokula, B.E., Kipchumba, A.K, Edeme, A.B. (2021). Systematic review of climate change impact research in Nigeria: implication for sustainable development. Heliyon. 6;7(9):e07941. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07941. PMID: 34541351; PMCID: PMC8436081.

31. Otomofa, J.O., Okafor, B.N., and Obienusi, E.A., 2015, Evaluation of the impacts of flooding on socio-economic activities in Oleh, Isoko South local government area, Delta State. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 5(18), 155–171

32. Perić, J. and Cvetković, V.M. (2020). Demographic, Socio-Economic and Phycological Perspective of Risk Perception from Disasters Caused by Floods: Case Study Belgrade. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1(2): 31-43.

33. Rebouh, N., Tout, F., Dinar, H., Benzid, Y. and Zouak, Z. (2024). Integrating Multi-Source Geospatial Data and AHP for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in Ain Smara, Constantine, Algeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 6(2): 246-263. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2024.6.2.16

34. Salas Erick Burgueño (2023): Global number of deaths caused by floods 1998-2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293207/global-number-of-deaths-due-to-flood/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20floods%20caused%20the,the%20peak%20recorded%20in%201999.

35. Schuurmans, C. (2021). The world heat budget: expected changes Climate Change (pp. 1–15): CRC Press

36. Shuaibu, A., Hounkpè, J., Bossa, Y.A. and Kalin, R.M. (2022). Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping in the Hadejia River Basin, Nigeria, Using Hydro-Geomorphic Approach and Multi-Criterion Decision-Making Method. Water 2022, 14, 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223709

37. Tout, F. (2023). Flood Policy in Algeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 5(1): DOI: 27-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2023.5.1.3

38. Umar, N., & Gray, A. (2022). Flooding in Nigeria: a review of its occurrence and impacts and approaches to modelling flood data. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 80(3), 540–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2081471.

39. UNFCCC (2007). Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries. Available online: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf (accessed on 2 June 2023).

40. UNHCR (2024): Climate crisis fuels flooding and deepens displacement. https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/climate-crisis-fuels-flooding-and-deepens-displacement

41. Weisheimer, A., and Palmer, T. (2005) Changing frequency of occurrence of extreme seasonal temperatures under global warming. Geophys Res Lett 32(20)

42. Yadav, M.K., Singh, R., Singh, K., Mall, R., Patel, C., Yadav, S., and Singh, M. (2015) Assessment of climate change impact on productivity of different cereal crops in Varanasi. India J Agrometeorol 17(2):179–184.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-16

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): International Journal of Disaster Risk Management (IJDRM)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Disaster Risk Management

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

This journal operates under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, adaptation, and transformation in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

Authors retain the copyright of their articles.

The International Journal of Disaster Risk Management (IJDRM) encourages and permits authors to:

  • Post pre-print (submitted version), post-print (accepted version), and publisher’s version/PDF of their articles on personal websites, institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, and academic networks such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, or departmental websites,

  • Do so at any time, including before or after publication,

  • Provided that appropriate credit is given to the original publication in this journal, including:

    • Full bibliographic details

    • A clear mention of the journal name

    • A direct link to the article’s DOI (as an HTML link)

No prior permission is required from the publisher or editors for such actions, as long as the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license are followed.

How to Cite

Inusa, M., Chukwudi Nnaemeka, E., Nyomo, J. D., Osawe, I. E., Obadaki, Y. Y., Ismail, A., Isma’il, M., & Abdullahi Bichi, A. (2025). Nature and Extent of Flood Risk Downstream of the Kubanni Dam, Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2025.7.1.1

Similar Articles

1-10 of 136

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.